Site author Richard Steane
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The BioTopics website gives access to interactive resource material, developed to support the
learning and teaching of Biology at a variety of levels.
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Parental phenotype |
- | × | - |
Parental genotype |
. . | ↓ | . . |
Gametes | . | . | |
Offspring genotype |
. . | . . | |
Offspring phenotype |
- | : | - |
Male gametes | |||
. | . | ||
Female gametes |
. | . . | . . |
. | . . | . . |
Parental phenotype |
Normal wings | × | Vestigial wings |
Parental genotype |
NN | ↓ | nn |
Gametes | N | n | |
Offspring genotype |
All Nn | ||
Offspring phenotype |
All normal wings |
Parental phenotype |
Normal wings | × | Normal wings |
Parental genotype |
Nn | ↓ | Nn |
Gametes | N or n | N or n | |
Offspring genotype |
NN | Nn Nn | nn |
Offspring phenotype and ratio |
3 Normal wings | : | 1 Vestigial wings |
Parental phenotype |
Normal wings | × | Vestigial wings |
Parental genotype |
Nn (assumed) |
↓ | nn |
Gametes | N or n | n ONLY | |
Offspring genotype |
Nn and nn | ||
Offspring phenotype and ratio |
1 Normal wings | : | 1 Vestigial wings |
Pea trait | Dominant factor | Recessive factor | Numbers in F2 | Ratio |
Seed shape | round | wrinkled | 5474:1850 | 2.96:1 |
Seed colour | yellow | green | 6002:2001 | 2.99:1 |
Flower colour | purple | white | 705:224 | 3.15:1 |
Flower position | axial | terminal | 651:207 | 3.14:1 |
Plant height | tall | short | 787:277 | 2.84:1 |
Pod shape | inflated | constricted | 882:299 | 2.95:1 |
Pod colour | green | yellow | 428:152 | 2.82:1 |
Parental phenotype |
Pink flowers |
× self- pollination |
Pink flowers |
Parental genotype |
RW | ↓ | RW |
Gametes | R or W | R or W | |
Offspring genotype |
RR RW RW WW | ||
Offspring phenotype and ratio |
1 red : | 2 pink : | 1 white |
Parental phenotype |
Red flowers |
× | White flowers |
Parental genotype |
RR | ↓ | WW |
Gametes | R | W | |
Offspring genotype |
All RW | ||
Offspring phenotype |
All pink flowers |
Parental phenotype |
Grey body, Normal wings |
× | Ebony body, Vestigial wings |
Parental genotype |
GG NN | ↓ | gg nn |
Gametes | G N | g n | |
Offspring genotype |
All Gg Nn | ||
Offspring phenotype |
All grey body, normal wings |
G N | G n | g N | g n | ||
female gametes - eggs |
G N | GG NN grey, normal |
GG Nn grey, normal |
Gg NN grey, normal |
Gg Nn grey, normal |
G n | GG Nn grey, normal |
GG nn grey, vestigial |
Gg Nn grey, normal |
Gg nn grey, vestigial |
|
g N | Gg NN grey, normal |
Gg Nn grey, normal |
gg NN ebony, normal |
gg Nn ebony, normal |
|
g n | Gg Nn grey, normal |
Gg nn grey, vestigial |
gg Nn ebony, normal |
gg nn ebony, vestigial |
g N | g n | |
G n | Gg Nn Grey, normal |
G g n n Grey, vestigial |
g n | gg Nn Ebony, normal |
gg nn Ebony, vestigial |
Parental phenotype |
Grey body, Vestigial wings |
× | Ebony body, normal wings |
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Parental genotype |
Gg nn | ↓ | gg Nn | |
Gametes | G n & g n | g N & g n | ||
Offspring genotype |
Gg Nn | Gg nn | gg Nn | gg nn |
Offspring phenotype |
Grey, normal | Grey, vestigial |
Ebony, normal | Ebony, vestigial |
Ratio | 1 : | 1 : | 1 : | 1 |
Parental phenotype |
Round, Yellow |
× | Wrinkled, Green |
Parental genotype |
RR YY | ↓ | rr yy |
Gametes | R Y | r y | |
Offspring genotype |
All RrYy | ||
Offspring phenotype |
All round, yellow |
R Y | R y | r Y | r y | ||
female gametes - ovules |
R Y | RR YY round, yellow |
RR Yy round, yellow |
Rr YY round, yellow |
Rr Yy round, yellow |
R y | RR Yy round, yellow |
RR yy round, green |
Rr Yy round, yellow |
Rr yy round, green |
|
r Y | Rr YY round, yellow |
Rr Yy round, yellow |
rr YY wrinkled, yellow |
rr Yy wrinkled, yellow |
|
r y | Rr Yy round, yellow |
Rr yy round, green |
rr Yy wrinkled, yellow |
rr yy wrinkled, green |
Parental phenotype |
red-eyed female | × | white-eyed male |
Parental genotype |
XRXR | ↓ | XrY |
Gametes | XR [and XR] | Xr and Y | |
Offspring genotype |
XRXr | XRY | |
Offspring phenotype |
Red-eyed females | Red-eyed males | |
Ratio | 1 | : | 1 |
Parental phenotype |
red-eyed female | × | white-eyed male |
Parental genotype |
XRXr | ↓ | XrY |
Gametes | XR and Xr | Xr and Y | |
Offspring genotype |
XRXr and XrXr | and | XRY and XrY |
Offspring phenotype |
Red-eyed & white-eyed females |
Red-eyed & white-eyed males |
|
Ratio | 1 : 1 | : | 1 : 1 |
25% | grey body, long wings |
25% | black body, short wings |
25% | grey body, short wings |
25% | black body, long wings |
50% | grey body, long wings |
50% | black body, short wings |
42% | grey body, long wings |
41% | black body, short wings |
9% | grey body, short wings |
8% | black body, long wings |
Parental phenotype |
White | × | Green |
Parental genotype |
WW YY | ↓ | ww yy |
Gametes | W Y | w y | |
Offspring genotype |
All Ww Yy | ||
Offspring phenotype |
All white |
W Y | W y | w Y | w y | ||
female gametes - ovules |
W Y | WW YY White |
WW Yy White |
Ww YY White |
Ww Yy White |
W y | WW Yy White |
WW yy White |
Ww Yy White |
Ww yy White |
|
w Y | Ww YY White |
Ww Yy White |
ww YY Yellow |
ww Yy Yellow |
|
w y | Ww Yy White |
Ww yy White |
ww Yy Yellow |
ww yy Green |
Parental phenotype |
White | × | Green |
Parental genotype |
Ww Yy | ↓ | ww yy |
Gametes | _ W Y and W y and w Y and w y | _ w y | |
Offspring genotype |
_ Ww Yy and Ww yy and | ww Yy and ww yy | |
Offspring phenotype and ratio |
_ 2 white | : | 1 yellow : 1 green |
Parental phenotype |
Yellow | × | Agouti |
Parental genotype |
AyA | ↓ | AA |
Gametes | Ay or A | A ONLY | |
Offspring genotype |
AyA | and | AA |
Offspring phenotype and ratio |
1 Yellow | : | 1 Agouti |
Parental phenotype |
Yellow | × | Yellow |
Parental genotype |
AyA | ↓ | AyA |
Gametes | Ay or A | Ay or A | |
Offspring genotype |
Ay Ay and | AyA and AyA and | AA |
Offspring phenotype and ratio |
[Dies before birth] | 2 Yellow : | 1 Agouti |
Degrees of freedom |
Probability value | |||||
0.99 | 0.95 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.001 | |
1 | 0.0002 | 0.0039 | 2.71 | 3.84 | 6.63 | 10.83 |
2 | 0.020 | 0.103 | 4.61 | 5.99 | 9.21 | 13.82 |
3 | 0.115 | 0.352 | 6.25 | 7.81 | 11.34 | 16.27 |
4 | 0.297 | 0.711 | 7.78 | 9.49 | 13.28 | 18.47 |
Phenotypic features | O | E | O-E | (O-E)2 | E |
E |
normal wings | 147 | 150 | -3 | 9 | 0.06 | }0.24 |
vestigial wings | 53 | 50 | 3 | 9 | 0.18 |
Phenotypic features | O | E | O-E | (O-E)2 | E |
E |
Grey body, normal wings | 241 | 250 | -9 | 81 | 0.324 | > 7.016 |
Grey body, vestigial wings | 220 | 250 | -30 | 900 | 3.6 | |
Ebony body, normal wings | 272 | 250 | 22 | 484 | 1.936 | |
Ebony body, vestigial wings | 267 | 250 | 17 | 289 | 1.156 |
Phenotypic features | O | E | O-E | (O-E)2 | E |
E |
Grey body, long wings | 965 | 575 | 390 | 152100 | 264.52 | > 1002.58 |
Black body, short wings | 944 | 575 | 369 | 136161 | 236.80 | |
Grey body, short wings | 205 | 575 | -370 | 136900 | 238.09 | |
Black body, long wings | 186 | 575 | -389 | 151321 | 263.17 |
Phenotypic features | O | E | O-E | (O-E)2 | E |
E |
Grey body, long wings | 965 | 954.5 | 10.5 | 110.25 | 0.116 | > 1.156 |
Black body, short wings | 944 | 954.5 | -10.5 | 110.25 | 0.116 | |
Grey body, short wings | 205 | 195.5 | 9.5 | 90.25 | 0.462 | |
Black body, long wings | 186 | 195.5 | -9.5 | 90.25 | 0.462 |